Graphene is the strongest, thinnest material known to
exist. A form of carbon, it can conduct electricity and heat better than
anything else. And get ready for this: It is not only the hardest material in
the world, but also one of the most pliable.
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Graphene transistors visible on a piece of flexible plastic. Graphene is not only the hardest material in the world, but also one of the most pliable. |
Only a single atom thick, it has been called the wonder
material.
Graphene could change the electronics industry, ushering
in flexible devices, supercharged quantum computers, electronic clothing and
computers that can interface with the cells in your body.
While the material was discovered a decade ago, it started
to gain attention in 2010 when two physicists at the University of Manchester were
awarded the Nobel Prize for their experiments with it. More recently,
researchers have zeroed in on how to commercially produce graphene.
The American Chemical Society said in 2012 that
graphene was discovered to be 200 times stronger than steel and so thin that a
single ounce of it could cover 28 football fields. Chinese scientists have
created a graphene aerogel, an ultralight material derived from a gel, which is
one-seventh the weight of air. A cubic inch of the material could
balance on one blade of grass.
“Graphene is one of the few materials in the world that is
transparent, conductive and flexible — all at the same time,” said Dr. Aravind
Vijayaraghavan, a lecturer at the University of Manchester. “All of these
properties together are extremely rare to find in one material.”
So what do you do with graphene? Physicists and
researchers say that we will soon be able to make electronics that are thinner,
faster and cheaper than anything based on silicon, with the option of making
them clear and flexible. Long-lasting batteries that can be submerged in water
are another possibility.
In 2011, researchers at Northwestern University battery
that incorporated graphene and silicon, which the university said could lead
to a cellphone that “stayed charged for more than a week and recharged in just
15 minutes.” In 2012, the American Chemical Society said that advancements in
graphene were leading to touch-screen electronics that “could make cellphones
as thin as a piece of paper and foldable enough to slip into a pocket.”
Dr. Vijayaraghavan is building an array of sensors out of
graphene — including gas sensors, biosensors and light sensors — that are far
smaller than what has come before.
And last week, researchers at the Samsung Advanced
Institute of Technology, working with Sungkyunkwan University in South Korea,
said that Samsung had figured out how to create high-quality graphene on
silicon wafers, which could be used for the production of graphene transistors.
Samsung said in a statement that these advancements meant it could start making
“flexible displays, wearables and other next-generation electronic devices.”
Sebastian Anthony, a reporter at Extreme Tech, said that
Samsung’s breakthrough could end up being the “holy grail of
commercial graphene production.”
Samsung is not the only company working to develop
graphene. Researchers at IBM, Nokia and SanDisk have been experimenting with
the material to create sensors, transistors and memory storage.
When these electronics finally hit store shelves, they
could look and feel like nothing we’ve ever seen.
James Hone, a professor of mechanical engineering at
Columbia University, said research in his lab led to the discovery that
graphene could stretch by 20 percent while still remaining able to conduct
electricity. “You know what else you can stretch by 20 percent? Rubber,” he
said. “In comparison, silicon, which is in today’s electronics, can only
stretch by 1 percent before it cracks.”
He continued: “That’s just one of the crazy things about
this material — there’s really nothing else quite like it.”
The real kicker? Graphene is inexpensive.
If you think of something in today’s electronics industry,
it can most likely be made better, smaller and cheaper with graphene.
Scientists at the University of California, Berkeley made
graphene speakers last year that delivered sound at quality equal to or
better than a pair of commercial Sennheiser earphones. And they were much
smaller.
Another fascinating aspect of graphene is its ability to
be submerged in liquids without oxidizing, unlike other conductive
materials.
As a result, Dr. Vijayaraghavan said, graphene research is
leading to experiments where electronics can integrate with biological systems.
In other words, you could have a graphene gadget implanted in you that could
read your nervous system or talk to your cells.
But while researchers believe graphene will be used in
next-generation gadgets, there are entire industries that build electronics
using traditional silicon chips and transistors, and they could be slow to
adopt graphene counterparts.
If that is the case, graphene might end up being used in
other industries before it becomes part of electronics. Last year, the Bill and
Melinda Gates Foundation paid for the development of a graphene-based
condom that is thin, light and impenetrable. Carmakers are exploring building
electronic cars with bodies made of graphene that are not only protective, but
act as solar panels that charge the car’s battery. Airline makers also hope to build
planes out of graphene.
If all that isn’t enough, an international team of
researchers based at M.I.T. has performed tests that could lead to
the creation of quantum computers, which would be a big market of computing in
the future.
So forget plastics. There’s a great future in graphene.
Think about it.
Source: New York Times